25 short question-answer  on Haloalkanes : Basic Concepts What are haloalkanes? → Organic compounds containing a halogen (X = F, Cl, Br, I) attached to an alkyl group. How are haloalkanes classified? → Based on the carbon to which halogen is attached: Primary (1°): R-CH₂-X Secondary (2°): R₂-CH-X Tertiary (3°): R₃-C-X Which is more reactive: alkyl halides or aryl halides? → Alkyl halides, because aryl halides have resonance stabilization. Which is the best leaving group among halogens? → I⁻ (Iodide) because it is the largest and weakest base. Why do haloalkanes have higher boiling points than alkanes? → Due to dipole-dipole interactions and van der Waals forces. Preparation of Haloalkanes How is chloromethane prepared from methane? → By free radical halogenation: CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl (in sunlight) How can alcohols be converted to haloalkanes? → By using: HCl, HBr, or HI PCl₅, PCl₃, SOCl₂ (best method for Cl) What is the best me...

 We'll cover the following important steps of organic conversion Step-Up Reactions (Increasing the carbon chain) Step-Down Reactions (Decreasing the carbon chain) Functional Group Interconversion (FGI) (Changing one functional group to another) Rearrangement Reactions (Changing the position of the functional group) Strategies for Multi-Step Conversions 1. Step-Up Reactions (Increasing Carbon Chain Length) Step-up reactions help in increasing the number of carbon atoms in a given compound. These are commonly used when the target molecule has more carbons than the starting compound. Methods of Step-Up Reactions: Cyanide Addition (KCN or NaCN) Alkyl halide → Alkyl cyanide Example: CH₃Br + KCN → CH₃CN (Methyl bromide to acetonitrile) Hydrolysis of cyanides gives carboxylic acids (CH₃CN → CH₃COOH). Grignard Reagent with Carbon Dioxide R-MgX + CO₂ → R-COOH Example: CH₃MgBr + CO₂ → CH₃COOH (Methane to acetic acid) Aldol Condensation (for ketones and aldehy...

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