25 short question-answer  on Haloalkanes : Basic Concepts What are haloalkanes? → Organic compounds containing a halogen (X = F, Cl, Br, I) attached to an alkyl group. How are haloalkanes classified? → Based on the carbon to which halogen is attached: Primary (1°): R-CH₂-X Secondary (2°): R₂-CH-X Tertiary (3°): R₃-C-X Which is more reactive: alkyl halides or aryl halides? → Alkyl halides, because aryl halides have resonance stabilization. Which is the best leaving group among halogens? → I⁻ (Iodide) because it is the largest and weakest base. Why do haloalkanes have higher boiling points than alkanes? → Due to dipole-dipole interactions and van der Waals forces. Preparation of Haloalkanes How is chloromethane prepared from methane? → By free radical halogenation: CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl (in sunlight) How can alcohols be converted to haloalkanes? → By using: HCl, HBr, or HI PCl₅, PCl₃, SOCl₂ (best method for Cl) What is the best me...

  Isomerism in organic chemistry

 

Bredt’s Rule is an important principle in organic chemistry, particularly in the study of bicyclic and polycyclic compounds. It plays a crucial role in understanding the stability and reactivity of alkenes in constrained ring systems. In this blog post, we will explore the significance, applications, and exceptions of Bredt’s Rule. What is Bredt’s Rule? Bredt’s Rule states that a double bond cannot be placed at the bridgehead position of a bridged bicyclic system unless the rings are sufficiently large to accommodate the required geometry. This rule was formulated by Julius Bredt in 1924 based on his research on bicyclic compounds. In simple terms, the rule explains why certain bridgehead alkenes are not feasible due to excessive ring strain and geometric constraints that prevent the formation of a stable double bond. Why Does Bredt’s Rule Exist? To understand Bredt’s Rule, consider the geometry of a double bond. A carbon-carbon double bond requires sp² hybridization , meaning the...

Addition Polymers : Condensation Polymers: Biodegradable Polymers:

Preparation of Alcohols Reduction of various functional groups Physical Properties of Alcohols: Chemical Properties of Alcohols