- Chromatography is extensively utilized for compound separation, purification, and identification purposes. - According to IUPAC, chromatography is a physical separation method involving two phases: one stationary and one mobile, with components distributed between them. - The stationary phase typically exists as a packed column (column chromatography) or other forms like flat sheets or thin layers adhering to backing materials such as glass (thin-layer chromatography). - In column chromatography, the mobile phase flows through the packed column, while in thin layer chromatography, it moves via capillary action. - Thin film stationary phases can be either liquid or solid, while the mobile phase can be liquid or gas, resulting in various chromatographic techniques. - Partition chromatography involves a thin film of liquid stationary phase adsorbed on an inert support, with the mobile phase being liquid or gas. - Paper chromatography, an example of partition chromatography, utilize...

In the realm of higher education, two prominent undergraduate degrees often stand out: Bachelor of Technology (BTech) and Bachelor of Engineering (BE). While both degrees are widely recognized in the field of engineering, there are subtle yet significant differences between them that prospective students should consider when charting their academic path. Let's delve into the nuances of BTech and BE to understand their distinctions and implications. Bachelor of Technology (BTech): BTech programs are typically designed to emphasize the practical application of scientific and engineering principles. These programs often focus on specialized fields such as computer science, electronics, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and more. BTech degrees are known for their rigorous curriculum that integrates theoretical knowledge with hands-on practical experience. One of the distinguishing features of BTech programs is their emphasis on technology-driven solutions and innovation. Stude...

In the tapestry of human progress, three intertwined threads stand out prominently: science, engineering, and technology. Each is distinct yet interconnected, forming the backbone of innovation and advancement in our modern world. Understanding the nuances of these disciplines is essential for appreciating their individual contributions and their collective impact on society. Science: The Pursuit of Knowledge Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It seeks to uncover the fundamental principles governing the universe, from the subatomic realm to the vast expanse of space. At its core, science is driven by curiosity and the quest for understanding. Scientists explore the mysteries of the universe, unraveling the secrets of nature's laws. They formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze data to test their theories. From physics and chemistry to biology and astronomy, science encompasses a broad spectrum of di...

Green hydrogen , often heralded as the fuel of the future, holds tremendous promise in the global transition towards sustainable energy systems. As the world grapples with the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change, green hydrogen emerges as a versatile and clean energy carrier with the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including transportation, industry, and electricity generation. This article explores the concept of green hydrogen, its production methods, applications, challenges, and future prospects in the quest for a decarbonized world. Understanding Green Hydrogen Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, has long been recognized as a potential energy carrier due to its high energy density and clean combustion properties. However, the conventional methods of producing hydrogen, such as steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification, rely on fossil fuels and emit significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), contributin...

  Whether a reaction is product-favored, that is, whether the reactants are converted to products under standard-state conditions, is reflected in the sign of its Δ r G° . This equation Δ r G° =  Δ r H° − T Δ r S° shows that the sign of Δ r G°  depends on the signs of Δ r H°  and Δ r S° , and, in some cases, the absolute temperature (which can only have positive values). Four possibilities exist: Both Δ r H°  and Δ r S°  are positive —an endothermic process with an increase in system entropy. Δ r G°  is negative if  T Δ r S° >  Δ r H° , and positive if  T Δ r S°  < Δ r H° . Such a process is  product-favored at high temperatures and reactant-favored at low temperatures. Both Δ r H°  and Δ r S°  are negative —an exothermic process with a decrease in system entropy. Δ r G°  is negative if | T Δ r S °| < |Δ r H °| and positive if | T Δ r S °| > |Δ r H °|. Such a process is  product-favored at low te...

 Quickly revise about different types of enthalpies of reaction

  Isomerism in organic chemistry

Reaction Chart of Haloalkanes Reaction chart of Haloarenes E1 vs E2 Differences between SN1 and SN2 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes class notes

In the ever-evolving landscape of industrial processes, the synergy between industrial automation and chemical engineering has become a driving force, propelling efficiency, safety, and innovation to new heights. These two disciplines, seemingly distinct, complement each other in a harmonious dance, revolutionizing how we approach manufacturing and production. Automation in Chemical Engineering: The role of chemical engineers has traditionally been deeply rooted in designing, optimizing, and overseeing chemical processes. With the advent of automation, the execution of these processes has undergone a transformative shift. Automation technologies, ranging from programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to advanced machine learning algorithms, have become integral in streamlining and enhancing various facets of chemical engineering. One significant area where automation has made an impact is in process control. Automated systems can monitor and adjust variables in real-time, ensuring precise ...

 

 

  1.Bayer's Test 2.Bromine water Test 3. Bradys Test /2,4-DNP Test 4. Tollens Test 5. Hinsberg test  6. Libermann's Nitroso Test 7. Lucas Test 8. Ferric chloride test 9. Fehling's test 10. Carbylamine Test 11. Victor meyer test 12.Iodoform Test

  Carbocations are reactive intermediates in organic chemistry characterized by a positively charged carbon atom with three bonds and an empty p orbital. Their instability makes them highly reactive, often serving as reaction intermediates in various organic transformations. Carbocations can be classified based on their substitution pattern as primary, secondary, or tertiary, with stability increasing in the order tertiary > secondary > primary due to hyperconjugation and inductive effects. Their reactivity influences reaction mechanisms, including electrophilic additions and substitutions

  The four main branches of chemistry are: (1) Organic chemistry;          (2) Inorganic chemistry; (3) Physical chemistry;         (4) Analytical chemistry. (1)  Organic chemistry : It is concerned with the study of  compounds of carbon except carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanides,  isocyanides, carbides and oxides of carbon. It is actually the  study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. (2)  Inorganic chemistry : It deals with the study of all  known elements and their compounds except organic  compounds. It is concerned with the materials obtained from  minerals, air, sea and soil. (3)  Physical chemistry : It is concerned with the physical  properties and constitution of matter, the laws of chemical  combination and theories governing reactions. The effect of  temperature, pressure, light, concentration, etc., on reactions  come under the scope of physical chemistry...